Proflavine Hemisulfate
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MedKoo CAT#: 318577

CAS#: 1811-28-5

Description: Proflavine hemisulfate is an Acridine derivative, which is a slow-acting disinfectant with bacteriostatic action against many Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Gram-negative organisms. Proflavine Hemisulfate has little antifungal activity.


Chemical Structure

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Proflavine Hemisulfate
CAS# 1811-28-5

Theoretical Analysis

MedKoo Cat#: 318577
Name: Proflavine Hemisulfate
CAS#: 1811-28-5
Chemical Formula: C26H24N6O4S
Exact Mass: 0.00
Molecular Weight: 516.570
Elemental Analysis: C, 60.45; H, 4.68; N, 16.27; O, 12.39; S, 6.21

Price and Availability

Size Price Availability Quantity
500g USD -1
1g USD 90
2g USD 150
5g USD 250
10g USD 450
20g USD 650
50g USD 850
100g USD 1250
200g USD 1950
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Related CAS #: 92-62-6 (free base)   1811-28-5 (hemisulfate)  

Synonym: Proflavine hemisulfate;Proflavine hemisulphate; Proflavine hemisulfate dihydrate; 3,6-Diaminoacridine hemisulfate; EINECS 217-320-3; 3,6-Acridinediamine, sulfate (2:1); 3,6 Diamino Acridine; 3,6 Diaminoacridine; 3,6-diamino acridine; 3,6-diaminoacridine; Acridine, 3,6-Diamino; Hemisulfate, Proflavine;

IUPAC/Chemical Name: (6-aminoacridin-3-yl)azanium;sulfate

InChi Key: YADYXCVYLIKQJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChi Code: InChI=1S/2C13H11N3.H2O4S/c2*14-10-3-1-8-5-9-2-4-11(15)7-13(9)16-12(8)6-10;1-5(2,3)4/h2*1-7H,14-15H2;(H2,1,2,3,4)

SMILES Code: C1=CC(=CC2=NC3=C(C=CC(=C3)[NH3+])C=C21)N.C1=CC(=CC2=NC3=C(C=CC(=C3)[NH3+])C=C21)N.[O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-]

Appearance: Solid powder

Purity: >98% (or refer to the Certificate of Analysis)

Shipping Condition: Shipped under ambient temperature as non-hazardous chemical. This product is stable enough for a few weeks during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs.

Storage Condition: Dry, dark and at 0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks) or -20 C for long term (months to years).

Solubility: To be determined

Shelf Life: >2 years if stored properly

Drug Formulation: This drug may be formulated in DMSO

Stock Solution Storage: 0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks), or -20 C for long term (months).

HS Tariff Code: 2934.99.9001

More Info:

Product Data:
Biological target: Proflavine hemisulfate behaves as a pore blocker for Kir3.2. Proflavine hemisulfate is a potential lead compound for Kir3.2-associated neurological diseases.
In vitro activity: Proflavine is a potential pore blocker of Kir3.2, a channel associated with neurological phenotypes in Down syndrome. Proflavine was found to inhibit the growth of Kir3.2-transformed cells and Kir3.2 activity in a dose-dependent manner. Proflavine's blockage effect depended on the difference between membrane potential and extracellular K(+) concentration. Reference: Neuropharmacology. 2016 Oct;109:18-28. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27236080/
In vivo activity: Proflavine was used as part of a novel dual fluorescence imaging technique to detect neoplastic lesions in the human gastrointestinal tract. Patients with colonic and gastric neoplastic lesions underwent imaging after topical instillation of moxifloxacin and proflavine. The dual fluorescence imaging provided high-contrast and high-resolution visualization of cellular structures, allowing for the detection of irregular glandular structures and the loss of goblet cells in adenomas. Reference: Lasers Surg Med. 2023 Apr;55(4):378-389. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36802075/

Preparing Stock Solutions

The following data is based on the product molecular weight 516.57 Batch specific molecular weights may vary from batch to batch due to the degree of hydration, which will affect the solvent volumes required to prepare stock solutions.

Recalculate based on batch purity %
Concentration / Solvent Volume / Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 1.15 mL 5.76 mL 11.51 mL
5 mM 0.23 mL 1.15 mL 2.3 mL
10 mM 0.12 mL 0.58 mL 1.15 mL
50 mM 0.02 mL 0.12 mL 0.23 mL
Formulation protocol: 1. Inanobe A, Itamochi H, Kurachi Y. Kir Channel Blockages by Proflavine Derivatives via Multiple Modes of Interaction. Mol Pharmacol. 2018 Jun;93(6):592-600. doi: 10.1124/mol.117.111377. Epub 2018 Apr 12. PMID: 29650538. 2. Kawada H, Inanobe A, Kurachi Y. Isolation of proflavine as a blocker of G protein-gated inward rectifier potassium channels by a cell growth-based screening system. Neuropharmacology. 2016 Oct;109:18-28. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.05.016. Epub 2016 May 26. PMID: 27236080. 3. Nam K, Park N, Lee S, Jeon S, Lee J, Hong SM, Hwang SW, Park SH, Yang DH, Ye BD, Byeon JS, Yang SK, Lee JH, Kim DH, Kim KH, Myung SJ. Feasibility of moxifloxacin and proflavine dual fluorescence imaging for detecting gastrointestinal neoplastic lesions: A prospective study. Lasers Surg Med. 2023 Apr;55(4):378-389. doi: 10.1002/lsm.23640. Epub 2023 Feb 17. PMID: 36802075. 4. Chen J, Hu Y, Lu Q, Wang P, Zhan H. Determination of proflavine in rat whole blood without sample pretreatment by laser desorption postionization mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2017 Apr;409(11):2813-2819. doi: 10.1007/s00216-017-0225-x. Epub 2017 Feb 10. PMID: 28188352.
In vitro protocol: 1. Inanobe A, Itamochi H, Kurachi Y. Kir Channel Blockages by Proflavine Derivatives via Multiple Modes of Interaction. Mol Pharmacol. 2018 Jun;93(6):592-600. doi: 10.1124/mol.117.111377. Epub 2018 Apr 12. PMID: 29650538. 2. Kawada H, Inanobe A, Kurachi Y. Isolation of proflavine as a blocker of G protein-gated inward rectifier potassium channels by a cell growth-based screening system. Neuropharmacology. 2016 Oct;109:18-28. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.05.016. Epub 2016 May 26. PMID: 27236080.
In vivo protocol: 1. Nam K, Park N, Lee S, Jeon S, Lee J, Hong SM, Hwang SW, Park SH, Yang DH, Ye BD, Byeon JS, Yang SK, Lee JH, Kim DH, Kim KH, Myung SJ. Feasibility of moxifloxacin and proflavine dual fluorescence imaging for detecting gastrointestinal neoplastic lesions: A prospective study. Lasers Surg Med. 2023 Apr;55(4):378-389. doi: 10.1002/lsm.23640. Epub 2023 Feb 17. PMID: 36802075. 2. Chen J, Hu Y, Lu Q, Wang P, Zhan H. Determination of proflavine in rat whole blood without sample pretreatment by laser desorption postionization mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2017 Apr;409(11):2813-2819. doi: 10.1007/s00216-017-0225-x. Epub 2017 Feb 10. PMID: 28188352.

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1: Sasikala WD, Mukherjee A. Structure and dynamics of proflavine association
around DNA. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2016 Mar 31. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
27030311.


2: Kawedia JD, Zhang YP, Myers AL, Richards-Kortum RR, Kramer MA, Gillenwater AM,
Culotta KS. Physical and chemical stability of proflavine contrast agent
solutions for early detection of oral cancer. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2016
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25113309.


3: Prieto SP, Powless AJ, Boice JW, Sharma SG, Muldoon TJ. Proflavine Hemisulfate
as a Fluorescent Contrast Agent for Point-of-Care Cytology. PLoS One. 2015 May
11;10(5):e0125598. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125598. eCollection 2015. PubMed
PMID: 25962131; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4427403.


4: Kumar V, Sengupta A, Gavvala K, Koninti RK, Hazra P. Spectroscopic and
thermodynamic insights into the interaction between proflavine and human
telomeric G-quadruplex DNA. J Phys Chem B. 2014 Sep 25;118(38):11090-9. doi:
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5: Buchelnikov AS, Dovbeshko GI, Voronin DP, Trachevsky VV, Kostjukov VV,
Evstigneev MP. Spectroscopic study of proflavine adsorption on the carbon
nanotube surface. Appl Spectrosc. 2014;68(2):232-7. doi: 10.1366/13-07205. PubMed
PMID: 24480280.


6: Ipóthová Z, Paulíková H, Cižeková L, Hunáková L, Labudová M, Grolmusová A,
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7: Patil DT, Mokashi VV, Kolekar GB, Patil SR. Micellar-mediated binding
interaction between proflavine hemisulfate and salicylic acid: spectroscopic
insights and its analytical application. Luminescence. 2013 Nov-Dec;28(6):821-6.
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8: Gebala M, La Mantia F, Schuhmann W. Kinetic and thermodynamic hysteresis
imposed by intercalation of proflavine in ferrocene-modified double-stranded DNA.
Chemphyschem. 2013 Jul 22;14(10):2208-16. doi: 10.1002/cphc.201300045. Epub 2013
May 14. PubMed PMID: 23674389.


9: Sasikala WD, Mukherjee A. Intercalation and de-intercalation pathway of
proflavine through the minor and major grooves of DNA: roles of water and
entropy. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2013 May 7;15(17):6446-55. doi: 10.1039/c3cp50501d.
PubMed PMID: 23525232.


10: Pridgeon JW, Klesius PH, Yildirim-Aksoy M. Attempt to develop live attenuated
bacterial vaccines by selecting resistance to gossypol, proflavine hemisulfate,
novobiocin, or ciprofloxacin. Vaccine. 2013 Apr 26;31(18):2222-30. doi:
10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.03.004. Epub 2013 Mar 13. PubMed PMID: 23499519.


11: Ancel L, Gateau C, Lebrun C, Delangle P. DNA sensing by a Eu-binding peptide
containing a proflavine unit. Inorg Chem. 2013 Jan 18;52(2):552-4. doi:
10.1021/ic302456q. Epub 2013 Jan 4. PubMed PMID: 23289864.


12: Sasikala WD, Mukherjee A. Molecular mechanism of direct proflavine-DNA
intercalation: evidence for drug-induced minimum base-stacking penalty pathway. J
Phys Chem B. 2012 Oct 11;116(40):12208-12. doi: 10.1021/jp307911r. Epub 2012 Oct
1. PubMed PMID: 22978751.


13: Nam DH, Park CB. Visible light-driven NADH regeneration sensitized by
proflavine for biocatalysis. Chembiochem. 2012 Jun 18;13(9):1278-82. doi:
10.1002/cbic.201200115. Epub 2012 May 3. PubMed PMID: 22555876.


14: Nakayama S, Roelofs K, Lee VT, Sintim HO. A C-di-GMP-proflavine-hemin
supramolecular complex has peroxidase activity--implication for a simple
colorimetric detection. Mol Biosyst. 2012 Mar;8(3):726-9. doi:
10.1039/c2mb05430b. Epub 2012 Jan 18. PubMed PMID: 22252690.


15: Kumar KS, Selvaraju C, Malar EJ, Natarajan P. Existence of a new emitting
singlet state of proflavine: femtosecond dynamics of the excited state processes
and quantum chemical studies in different solvents. J Phys Chem A. 2012 Jan
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16: More VR, Anbhule PV, Lee SH, Patil SR, Kolekar GB. Fluorimetric study on the
interaction between Norfloxacin and Proflavine hemisulphate. J Fluoresc. 2011
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21448705.


17: Biagini S, Bianchi A, Biver T, Boggioni A, Nikolayenko IV, Secco F, Venturini
M. DNA binding of a proflavine derivative bearing a platinum hanging residue. J
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2010 Dec 31. PubMed PMID: 21345323.


18: Garin D, Oukhatar F, Mahon AB, Try AC, Dubois-Dauphin M, Laferla FM,
Demeunynck M, Sallanon MM, Chierici S. Proflavine derivatives as fluorescent
imaging agents of amyloid deposits. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2011 Apr
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21435875.


19: Polyanskaya TV, Kazhdan I, Motley DM, Walmsley JA. Synthesis,
characterization and cytotoxicity studies of palladium(II)-proflavine complexes.
J Inorg Biochem. 2010 Nov;104(11):1205-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.07.010.
Epub 2010 Jul 23. PubMed PMID: 20709409; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2987641.


20: García B, Leal JM, Ruiz R, Biver T, Secco F, Venturini M. Change of the
binding mode of the DNA/proflavine system induced by ethanol. J Phys Chem B. 2010
Jul 1;114(25):8555-64. doi: 10.1021/jp102801z. PubMed PMID: 20524626.